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肠道优势菌群丰度变化与COVID-19严重程度相关性的临床意义 Article

汤灵玲,顾思岚,龚忆雯,李博,鲁海峰,李强,张如洪,高翔,吴正洁,张佳颖,张园园,李兰娟

《工程（英文）》 2020年第6卷第10期页码 1178-1184 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.05.013

摘要：

新冠病毒肺炎（COVID-19）是一种高度传染性疾病。与H7N9感染相似，COVID-19的典型临床表现是肺炎和细胞因子风暴。结果表明，COVID-19患者的10种主要肠道菌群丰度出现变化，这些肠道微生物菌群的变化与疾病严重程度和血液学指标有关。

关键词：肠道菌群新冠病毒肺炎（COVID-19）严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2 （SARS-CoV-2）

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特力阿扎维林治疗新冠病毒肺炎的疗效和安全性——试验方案 Protocol

吴效科, 于凯江, 王永晨, 徐万海, 马红丽, 侯艳, 李悦, 蔡本志, 朱丽影, 张敏, 胡晓丽, 高敬书, 王宇, 秦慧超, 赵鸣雁, 张勇, 李康, 杜智敏, 杨宝峰

《工程（英文）》 2020年第6卷第10期页码 1199-1204 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.06.011

摘要：

根据2019年12月的报道，新冠病毒肺炎（coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19）是由一种新型冠状病毒引起的肺炎。到目前为止，还没有发现能够治疗这种病毒的有效药物。咽拭子病毒核酸检测为阳性的受试者被随机（1∶1）分为两组：使用标准治疗加TZV或标准治疗加安慰剂，进行为期7 d的治疗和为期21 d的随访。主要结局是受试者临床改善的时间。次要结局包括临床改善率、退热时间、肺内炎症明显吸收的平均时间和人数比例、病毒核酸转阴率、病死率以及重症和危重症患者的转化率。整个试验过程将对不良事件，严重不良事件，肝功能、肾功能以及合并用药进行监测和记录。本试验的结果可为临床医生治疗COVID-19提供循证医学的证据和建议。

关键词：新冠病毒肺炎肺炎严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2 特力阿扎维林疗效安全性

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中国上海某大型方舱医院新型冠状病毒气溶胶时空分布研究 Article

江佳富, 殷喆, 李靖, 贾雷利, 和儒林, 杨文慧, 杨佶虎, 范航, 张森, 王云飞, 赵增明, 彭浩然, 李利忠, 杨益, 樊士勇, 相蓉, 郭建树, 王金金, 魏娟宁, 周凤玲, 刘丁, 赵平, 崔玉军, 刘运喜, 周冬生, 董罡

《工程（英文）》 2023年第28卷第9期页码 222-233 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.06.006

摘要：

严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）突变频发引起的2019年新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）大流行，已在全球范围内产生严重影响然而，无论在自然环境还是实验室环境，关于SARS-CoV-2气溶胶传播可能性的详细数据仍然很少。2022年，上海COVID-19疫情期间，国家会展中心经改造迅速建成了一所大型临时方舱医院，本研究在此舱医院开展了针对SARS-CoV-2气溶胶时空分布的研究。从60个样本中获取并拼接得到ORF1ab和Spike基因序列，并比较分析为SARS-CoV-2的奥密克戎毒株，并可以分为两支。综上，该研究对大型封闭场所中SARS-CoV-2的气溶胶传播的现实情况和以患者为中心梯度递减的污染情况进行了定量描述，从而为将来方舱医院在收治管理SARS-CoV-2等其他呼吸道病毒病患者时，采取针对性的措施

关键词：新型冠状病毒肺炎严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2 气溶胶方舱医院中国

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起病时无呼吸道症状或发热的重型或危重型COVID-19患者的临床特征及转归 Article

许娟娟, 殷峥嵘, 刘宇, 汪速飞, 段丽敏, 安義, 范金烁, 廖婷婷, 金阳, 陈建国

《工程（英文）》 2021年第7卷第10期页码 1454-1460 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.09.009

摘要：

以不典型症状起病的新型冠状病毒肺炎本研究回顾了在起病时无典型症状（呼吸道症状或发热）的重型或危重型COVID-19患者的临床、实验室和影像学特征及治疗情况，并随访至患者死亡或治愈出院。2020年1月25日至2020年2月10日期间，武汉协和医院西院共收治943例COVID-19患者，其中909例（96.4%）重型或危重型COVID-19患者中有10例（1.1%）患者在起病时无呼吸系统症状或发热最终2例患者死亡，8例患者治愈出院。8例患者从入院到出院的中位时间为24 d（IQR：13~43）。总的来说，部分重型或危重型COVID-19 患者在起病时无呼吸道症状或发热，此类不典型患者应尽早发现和隔离，否则可能延误病情，导致住院时间延长，甚至死亡。

关键词：新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）不典型的临床特征

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传统中药治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎的疗效及机制研究进展 Review

李霖, 吴昱铮, 王佳宝, 闫慧敏, 卢佳, 王彧, 张伯礼, 张俊华, 杨剑, 王小莹, 张敏, 李越, 苗琳, 张晗

《工程（英文）》 2022年第19卷第12期页码 139-152 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.08.020

摘要：

在世界范围内，中药已成功用于治疗由SARS-CoV-2 病毒引起的新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）。因此，本文结合基于中医理论的药理检测方法，梳理了具有抗病毒感染、调节免疫、改善肺损伤和肺纤维化作用的中药活性化合物以及中药方剂，并对其可能的作用靶点和信号通路进行了总结。这些研究结果表明，COVID-19 的发生发展涉及病毒与受体互作以及炎症免疫激活等错综复杂的调节机制。

关键词：中药 SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 抗病毒抗炎症免疫调节

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感染新型冠状病毒的2型糖尿病患者的临床特征和结果——一项回顾性研究 Article

陈滢宇, 陈剑坤, 宫晓, 荣向路, 叶得伟, 金英花, 张忠德, 李际强, 郭姣

《工程（英文）》 2020年第6卷第10期页码 1170-1177 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.05.017

摘要：

据报道，糖尿病及其相关的代谢性疾病是新型冠状病毒肺炎（coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19）患者的主要合并症。其中，96名（46.2％）患者患有2型糖尿病。在COVID-19合并2型糖尿病患者中，高血压（58.3％ vs. 31.2％）、冠心病（17.1％ vs. 8.0％）和慢性肾脏病（6.2％ vs. 0％）的共存率明显高于没有2型糖尿病的COVID-COVID-19合并2型糖尿病患者的CT胸部扫描异常频率和程度显著增加，包括毛玻璃样混浊（85.6％ vs. 64.9％, P < 0.001）和双侧斑片状阴影（76.7％ vs2型糖尿病和其他代谢性疾病共存于COVID-19患者中，这可能会增加发病率并加重COVID-19的病情。血糖和脂质代谢的最佳管理是确保更好的临床结果的关键。

关键词：新冠病毒肺炎冠状病毒糖尿病临床特征合并症

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间充质干细胞治疗人感染H7N9禽流感病毒所致急性呼吸窘迫综合征的临床研究——为新冠病毒肺炎救治提供新策略 Article

陈佳佳, 胡晨霞, 陈利军, 汤灵玲, 朱一新, 徐小微, 陈露, 高海女, 鲁晓庆, 俞亮, 戴霞红, 项春生, 李兰娟

《工程（英文）》 2020年第6卷第10期页码 1153-1161 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.02.006

摘要：

2013年，H7N9病毒在哺乳动物宿主之间迅速传播，并具有人与人之间传播的风险。患者表现为重症肺炎、急性呼吸窘迫综合征（acute respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS）和呼吸衰竭。间充质干细胞（mesenchymal stem cell, MSC）移植在病毒性肺炎的治疗中有广阔的前景，并于2013年作为应急性治疗方法来治疗H7N9感染的ARDS。由于H7N9和2019新型冠状病毒性肺炎（coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19）临床表现相似（如ARDS和呼吸衰竭），并继发多器官功能障碍，因此基于MSC的疗法可能为COVID

关键词： H7N9 间充质干细胞甲型流感急性呼吸窘迫综合征新型冠状病毒性肺炎干细胞治疗

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间充质干细胞——新冠病毒肺炎相关急性呼吸窘迫综合征潜在的治疗选择

赵璇, 张毅

《工程（英文）》 2020年第6卷第10期页码 1073-1075 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.05.015

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ANTIVIRAL EFFECTS OF BACTERIOCIN AGAINST ANIMAL-TO-HUMAN TRANSMITTABLE MUTATED SARS-COV-2: A SYSTEMATIC

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第8卷第4期页码 603-622 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE -2021397

摘要：

The COVID-19 infections caused by SARS-CoV-2 have resulted in millions of people being infected and thousands of deaths globally since November 2019. To date, no unique therapeutic agent has been developed to slow the progression of this pandemic. Despite possessing antiviral traits the potential of bacteriocins to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection has not been fully investigated. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which bacteriocins can be manipulated and implemented as effective virus entry blockers with infection suppression potential properties to highly transmissible viruses through comprehensive immune modulations that are potentially effective against COVID-19. These antimicrobial peptides have been suggested as effective antiviral therapeutics and therapeutic supplements to prevent rapid virus transmission. This review also provides a new insight into the cellular and molecular alterations which have made SARS-CoV-2 self-modified with diversified infection patterns. In addition, the possible applications of antimicrobial peptides through both natural and induced mechanisms in infection prevention perspectives on changeable virulence cases are comprehensively analyzed. Specific attention is given to the antiviral mechanisms of the molecules along with their integrative use with synthetic biology and nanosensor technology for rapid detection. Novel bacteriocin based therapeutics with cutting-edge technologies might be potential substitutes for existing time-consuming and expensive approaches to fight this newly emerged global threat.

关键词： antimicrobial proteins / antiviral profiling of bacteriocins / antiviral therapeutics / immunomodulation / nanosensor technology / mutated SARS-CoV-2

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SARS-CoV-2 vaccine research and immunization strategies for improved control of the COVID-19 pandemic

《医学前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第2期页码 185-195 doi: 10.1007/s11684-021-0913-y

摘要： The record speed at which Chinese scientists identified severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and shared its genomic sequence with the world, has greatly facilitated the development of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) diagnostics, drugs, and vaccines. It is unprecedented in pandemic control history to develop a dozen successful vaccines in the first year and to immunize over half of the global population in the second year, due to the efforts of the scientific community, biopharmaceutical industry, and regulatory agencies worldwide. The challenges are both great and multidimensional due to the rapid emergence of virus variants and waning of vaccine immunity. Vaccination strategies need to adapt to these challenges to keep population immunity above the herd immunity threshold, by increasing vaccine coverage, especially for older adults and young people, and providing timely booster doses with homologous or heterologous vaccine boosts. Further research should be undertaken to develop more effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants and to understand the best prime-boost vaccine combinations and immunization strategies to provide sufficient and sustainable immune protection against COVID-19.

关键词： COVID-19 pandemics SARS-CoV-2 vaccination

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Persistence of humoral and cellular immune response after SARS-CoV-2 infection: opportunities and challenges

Tangchun Wu

《医学前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第6期页码 816-819 doi: 10.1007/s11684-020-0823-4

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Neutralization against SARS-CoV-2 Delta/Omicron variants and B cell response after inactivated vaccination

《医学前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第4期页码 747-757 doi: 10.1007/s11684-022-0954-x

摘要： Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants have made COVID-19 convalescents susceptible to re-infection and have raised concern about the efficacy of inactivated vaccination in neutralization against emerging variants and antigen-specific B cell response. To this end, a study on a long-term cohort of 208 participants who have recovered from COVID-19 was conducted, and the participants were followed up at 3.3 (Visit 1), 9.2 (Visit 2), and 18.5 (Visit 3) months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. They were classified into three groups (no-vaccination (n = 54), one-dose (n = 62), and two-dose (n = 92) groups) on the basis of the administration of inactivated vaccination. The neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers against the wild-type virus continued to decrease in the no-vaccination group, but they rose significantly in the one-dose and two-dose groups, with the highest NAb titers being observed in the two-dose group at Visit 3. The NAb titers against the Delta variant for the no-vaccination, one-dose, and two-dose groups decreased by 3.3, 1.9, and 2.3 folds relative to the wild-type virus, respectively, and those against the Omicron variant decreased by 7.0, 4.0, and 3.8 folds, respectively. Similarly, the responses of SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific B cells and memory B cells were boosted by the second vaccine dose. Results showed that the convalescents benefited from the administration of the inactivated vaccine (one or two doses), which enhanced neutralization against highly mutated SARS-CoV-2 variants and memory B cell responses. Two doses of inactivated vaccine among COVID-19 convalescents are therefore recommended for the prevention of the COVID-19 pandemic, and vaccination guidelines and policies need to be updated.

关键词： COVID-19 convalescent SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccination neutralizing antibody B cell response

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Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies present new prospects to treat SARS-CoV-2 infections

Rongtao Lai, Tianhui Zhou, Xiaogang Xiang, Jie Lu, Haiguang Xin, Qing Xie

《医学前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第4期页码 644-648 doi: 10.1007/s11684-021-0847-4

摘要： The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused global public health and economic crises. Thus, new therapeutic strategies and effective vaccines are urgently needed to cope with this severe pandemic. The development of a broadly neutralizing antibody against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is one of the attractive treatment strategies for COVID-19. Currently, the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein is the main target of neutralizing antibodies when SARS-CoV-2 enters human cells through an interaction between the S protein and the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expressed on various human cells. A single monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment is prone to selective pressure due to increased possibility of targeted epitope mutation, leading to viral escape. In addition, the antibody-dependent enhancement effect is a potential risk of enhancing the viral infection. These risks can be reduced using multiple mAbs that nonoverlapping epitopes. Thus, a cocktail therapy combining two or more antibodies that recognize different regions of the viral surface may be the most effective therapeutic strategy.

关键词： neutralizing antibody antibody cocktail SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 therapeutic strategy

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城市污水排放系统中SARS-COV-2的出现和消减 Article

Qian Dong, 蔡俊雄, 刘艳臣, 凌海波, Qi Wang, Luo-Jing Xiang, Shao-Lin Yang, Zheng-Sheng Lu, Yi Liu, Xia Huang, 曲久辉

《工程（英文）》 2023年第26卷第7期页码 214-219 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.03.012

摘要：

The rapid spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in over 200 countries poses a substantial threat to human health. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19, can be discharged with feces into the drainage system. However, a comprehensive understanding of the occurrence, presence, and potential transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in sewers, especially in community sewers, is still lacking. This study investigated the virus occurrence by viral nucleic acid testing in vent stacks, septic tanks, and the main sewer outlets of community where confirmed patients had lived during the outbreak of the epidemic in Wuhan, China. The results indicated that the risk of long-term emission of SARS-CoV-2 to the environment via vent stacks of buildings was low after confirmed patients were hospitalized. SARS-CoV-2 were mainly detected in the liquid phase, as opposed to being detected in aerosols, and its RNA in the sewage of septic tanks could be detected for only four days after confirmed patients were hospitalized. The surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage could be a sensitive indicator for the possible presence of asymptomatic patients in the community, though the viral concentration could be diluted more than 10 times, depending on the sampling site, as indicated by the Escherichia coli (E. coli) test. The comprehensive investigation of the community sewage drainage system is helpful to understand the occurrence characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage after excretion with feces and the feasibility of sewage surveillance for COVID-19 pandemic monitoring.

关键词： SARS-CoV-2 传播风险，排水系统，污水，城市

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SARS-CoV-2 variants, immune escape, and countermeasures

《医学前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第2期页码 196-207 doi: 10.1007/s11684-021-0906-x

摘要： Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic disease. SARS-CoV-2 variants have aroused great concern and are expected to continue spreading. Although many countries have promoted roll-out vaccination, the immune barrier has not yet been fully established, indicating that populations remain susceptible to infection. In this review, we summarize the literature on variants of concern and focus on the changes in their transmissibility, pathogenicity, and resistance to the immunity constructed by current vaccines. Furthermore, we analyzed relationships between variants and breakthrough infections, as well as the paradigm of new variants in countries with high vaccination rates. Terminating transmission, continuing to strengthen variant surveillance, and combining nonpharmaceutical intervention measures and vaccines are necessary to control these variants.

关键词： SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 vaccine immune escape breakthrough prevention